Resumo Na pandemia atual causada pelo SARS-CoV-19, a ultrassonografia (US) tem apresentado papel fundamental nos pacientes com COVID-19. Neste trabalho são mostradas imagens ultrassonográficas de recém-nascidos (RNs) suspeitos ou positivos para COVID-19 e alterações pulmonares não relacionadas a essa doença. As imagens ultrassonográficas foram obtidas por médico especialista em US pediátrica. Foram avaliados 27 RNs, sendo incluídos RNs assintomáticos da parte respiratória, COVID negativos e positivos, e RNs sintomáticos para a parte respiratória, COVID-negativos, observados na taquipneia transitória do recém-nascido ou na síndrome do desconforto respiratório. As imagens ultrassonográficas dos RNs negativos para COVID-19 mostraram tanto o padrão normal (presença de linhas A, poucas linhas B, linha pleural fina e linear, ausência de efusão pleural) quanto a presença de linhas B coalescentes e áreas de condensação pulmonar. Destaca-se a presença de dois RNs COVID-19 positivos apresentando múltiplas linhas B coalescentes, espessamento pleural e com áreas de condensação. Com este trabalho, os autores procuram demonstrar a aplicabilidade da US pulmonar dentro do contexto da pandemia da COVID-19, incluindo as doenças inerentes ao período neonatal.

Abstract In the current pandemic, caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ultrasound has played a fundamental role in patients who develop the resulting disease, designated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study we present ultrasound images of the lungs of neonates with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, distinguishing between the changes related to COVID-19 and those unrelated to the disease. Ultrasound examinations were performed by a pediatric sonographer. A total of 27 neonates were evaluated. Among those who presented no respiratory symptoms, some tested negative for COVID-19 and others tested positive. All of those who were pulmonary symptomatic, negative for COVID-19 presented transient tachypnea of the newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. Lung ultrasound images obtained in COVID-19-negative neonates showed, in some cases, a normal pattern (with A lines, few B lines, a thin, linear pleural line, and no pleural effusion), whereas in others showed coalescent B lines and areas of opacity. In two of the COVID-19-positive neonates, lung ultrasound examination showed several coalescent B lines, pleural thickening, and areas of opacity. Lung ultrasound in the neonatal period appears to be applicable within the context of the current pandemic, allowing efficient evaluation of COVID-19-related changes in neonates, as well as of pathologies inherent to the neonatal period.

Resumo Apresentamos uma seleção de lesões focais hiperecogênicas hepáticas de diversas etiologias, que ilustram o grande espectro de diferentes possibilidades diagnósticas dessas lesões na faixa pediátrica, muito além dos hemangiomas.

Abstract The aim of this report was to present a selection of focal hyperechoic liver lesions of different etiologies, illustrating the wide spectrum of diagnostic possibilities for such lesions in the pediatric population.

To understand their migratory environmental history and habitat use in Mexican waters, 31 striped mullet Mugil cephalus and 40 white mullet M. curema (family Mugilidae) were collected from three habitats (Tamiahua Lagoon, and Cazones and Tecolutla estuaries, Veracruz) in the western Gulf of Mexico. Sr:Ca ratios in otoliths of mullets were measured from the primordium to the otolith edge with an electron probe microanalyzer. Mullets were aged by counting the otolith annuli. The patterns in mullet otolith Sr:Ca ratio differed among habitats and between species, indicating that habitat use and migratory behavior differed between species. Variability in otolith Sr:Ca ratios was consistent with that of the environment inhabited by the mullets. They showed a more diverse euryhaline preference than the simple catadromous behavior expected. The Sr:Ca ratios in the core region of the otolith indicated that mullets can spawn in both offshore waters and nearshore brackish waters, or that spawning may occur in offshore waters and that onshore currents/winds carry the fertilized eggs into onshore waters where salinities are lower. Peak Sr:Ca ratios corresponded to otolith annulus deposition, which validated the difference in timing of seaward spawning migration between striped mullet (winter) and white mullet (spring).

Con el objeto de entender la historia migratoria y el uso del hábitat de dos mugílidos de importancia comercial en México, se recolectaron 31 ejemplares de la lisa Mugil cephalus y 40 de la lebrancha M. curema de tres zonas geográficas distintas (la laguna de Tamiahua y los estuarios de Cazones y Tecolutla, Veracruz) del oeste del golfo de México. Se midió la proporción de Sr:Ca en los otolitos sagita desde el primordio hasta el margen del otolito con un microanalizador de electrones. La edad de los ejemplares fue determinada contando los anillos de crecimiento en el otolito. Los patrones de Sr:Ca fueron diferentes entre zonas geográficas y especies, lo que indica que el uso del hábitat y el comportamiento migratorio es distinto entre las dos especies. La variabilidad de la proporción de Sr:Ca en los otolitos fue consistente con el ambiente en el que habitan estas especies. Estos mugílidos muestran una preferencia eurihalina más que simplemente un comportamiento catádromo. La proporción de Sr:Ca en el núcleo de los otolitos indicó que estos mugílidos pueden desovar tanto en aguas marinas como en ambientes salobres o que posiblemente desoven en ambientes marinos y los huevos sean transportados a ambientes costeros salobres. Los valores máximos de la proporción de Sr:Ca correspondieron a la depositación del anillo anual, lo que valida las diferencias en la migración reproductiva al mar que realiza M. cephalus en invierno y M. curema en primavera.

Breast cancer is an etiologically heterogeneous disease with marked geographical variations. Joint consideration of the relationship between specific molecular alterations and known or suspected epidemiologic risk factors for this disease should help distinguish subgroups of women that are at elevated risk of developing breast cancer. In this article, we present a comprehensive literature review of the etiologic and prognostic roles of Her-2/neu and P53 among women. In addition, we discuss the advantages and limitations of using biomarkers in epidemiological studies. We conclude that more research is needed to understand the complex relationships between genetic alterations and etiologic risk factors for breast cancer.

El cáncer mamario es una enfermedad con gran variabilidad geográfica y cuya etiología es heterogénea. La evaluación conjunta de los factores de riesgo que se conocen por estudios epidemiológicos y de las alteraciones específicas a nivel molecular, podría ser útil para identificar subgrupos de mujeres con alto riesgo de padecer dicho tumor maligno. En este artículo presentamos una revisión de la literatura acerca del papel que el Her-2/neu y el P53 tienen en la etiología y el pronóstico del cáncer mamario en mujeres. Además, discutimos las ventajas y limitaciones de utilizar biomarcadores en los estudios epidemiológicos. Concluimos que se requieren nuevas investigaciones orientadas a dilucidar las complejas relaciones que existen entre las alteraciones genéticas y los factores de riesgo para el cáncer mamario.